1. Common causes of erectile dysfunction (ED)
1. Vascular factors (most common)
Atherosclerosis: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, etc. lead to insufficient blood flow in the penile artery.
Venous leakage: The closure mechanism of the penile vein is abnormal, and blood cannot be retained.
Endothelial dysfunction: The production of nitric oxide (NO) is reduced, and the ability of blood vessels to dilate is reduced.
2. Hormone imbalance
Low testosterone: Low testosterone levels (<300 ng/dL) directly affect sexual desire and erectile hardness.
Abnormal thyroid function: Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism can lead to ED.
Hyperprolactinemia: caused by pituitary tumors or drugs, inhibiting sexual function.
3. Neurological factors
Diabetic neuropathy: Long-term high blood sugar damages the peripheral nerves of the penis.
Multiple sclerosis/Parkinson's disease: Central nervous signal conduction disorder.
Pelvic surgery injury: Radical prostatectomy, rectal surgery, etc. damage the nerves.
4. Psychological factors
Anxiety/depression: stress, performance anxiety or tension in the relationship with a partner.
Traumatic experience: sexual psychological trauma or religious and cultural repression.
