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1、Testosterone is the most important sex hormone in men, secreted by Leydig cells and produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands.
✅Physiological functions
✅Sexual development and reproductive function
Fetal period: guides the formation of the penis and scrotum, and promotes the development of the prostate.
Puberty: triggers secondary sexual characteristics (voice change, body hair growth, prominent Adam's apple), testicle and penis development.
Adulthood: maintains sperm production (through supporting cell action), libido and erectile function.
✅Muscle and bone
Muscle building: promotes protein synthesis, increases muscle mass and strength (10 times stronger than estrogen).
Research: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) can increase muscle mass by 10%~15% (J Clin Endocrinol Metab).
Bone strengthening: stimulates osteoblasts and maintains bone density; low testosterone is a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly men.
3. Metabolic regulation
Fat distribution: reduce subcutaneous fat and inhibit visceral fat accumulation (low testosterone can easily lead to "beer belly").
Carbohydrate metabolism: enhance insulin sensitivity, and the risk of diabetes in people with low testosterone increases by 2 times.
Erythropoiesis: stimulate the kidneys to secrete erythropoietin (EPO) to prevent anemia.
二、Consequences of testosterone deficiency
System Symptoms |
diseases |
Sexual function | low libido, ED, oligospermia |
Metabolism |
visceral obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome |
Cardiovascular | endothelial dysfunction, increased risk of atherosclerosis |
Psychological | fatigue, depression, decreased concentration |